'Ingilazi' Yasendulo YamaShayina: Ikhulu Leminyaka Yezinto Zakudala Ukubhala Kabusha Ukuqonda, Ekuqaleni Ubukhosi BakwaZhou Babukwazi Ukukhiqiza Ingilazi

Uma kukhulunywa ngengilazi, kukholelwa ukuthi abantu abaningi baseShayina bagcwele ukuzisola, ngoba iGibhithe lasendulo, iNtshonalanga Asia kanye neYurophu ngabe bakha ingilazi isikhathi eside, kuyilapho iShayina ibonakala sengathi yakha emakhosini akwaMing naseQing. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwengilazi, abanye ababhali bezincwadi zokuhamba ngezikhathi ezithile bahlala beklama amaqhinga okwenza imali ngokwenza ingilazi ezikhathini zasendulo.

Kodwa-ke, kuncane okwaziwayo ukuthi isayensi yemivubukulo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ikhombisile ukuthi iShayina yasendulo yayingakwazi nje kuphela ukwenza ingilazi, kodwa futhi yayikwazi kudala ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaZhou. Phakathi kwazo, kukhona ngisho Ingilazi Ebonakalayo imikhiqizo etholakale emathuneni esizwe samaCao Cao kanye neThempeli Lodumo eShaanxi ngesikhathi soBukhosi bukaTang. Okulandelayo, ake sixoxe ngengilazi yasendulo yaseShayina ngokusebenzisa amacala amathathu okuvubukula. Ingilazi yasendulo ihlanganisa ingilazi, kodwa ayibhekiseli kuphela engilazini.

Okokuqala, uBukhosi bukaZhou base bekwazi kakade ukukhiqiza ingilazi

Ukuvela kwengilazi akuyona into eyimfihlakalo, kodwa kungumkhiqizo olandelanayo wezinqubo zobumba kanye nezinsimbi, ezihlungwa futhi zicutshungulwe zibe imikhiqizo yengilazi ehlobene. Phakathi kwazo, izinsimbi ziwumkhiqizo olandelanayo wokwenza izitsha zobumba.

Ngenxa yokuthi ingilazi iyinto engaguquki enesakhiwo esingazinzile, ihlukile ezintweni ezikristalu ezifana namatshe ayigugu emvelo kanye ne-jade. Ngakho-ke, izidingo zokushisa kwesithando aziqinisekile, kodwa inobucwebe ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa. Abanye abasebenzisi be-inthanethi bakholelwa ukuthi iNtshonalanga ingakhiqiza ingilazi, ngakho-ke baphetha ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lesithando lingancibilikisa insimbi yengulube, okuyinto engalungile.

Kusukela ekuqaleni koBukhosi baseXia, izinga lokushisa lesithando eShayina lase lifinyelele kuma-degree Celsius angu-1200, futhi i-porcelain yakudala yayingashiswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni yobumba eShayina yasendulo yayithuthuke kahle, kanti imboni yethusi eBukhosini baseShang nayo yayithuthuke kahle. Ngakho-ke, akuvamile ukuthi abantu basendulo baseShayina bakwazi ukudala ingilazi, yize imikhiqizo yengilazi yokuqala etholakale namuhla yayingesikhathi soBukhosi baseZhou. Esithombeni esingenhla, iShayina inobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-ceramic metallurgy, obuhlobene nomklamo wesithando othuthukisiwe futhi bungafinyelela izinga lokushisa lesithando lokushisa eliphakeme nelilinganayo.

Kwatholakala ubuhlalu beglasi lamehlo e-dragonfly obungaphezu kwe-100 obuvela engilazini ye-sodium calcium silicate ethuneni likaZeng Houyi eSuizhou, eHubei. Ngakho-ke, izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi iso likaZeng Houyi le-dragonfly lavela eNtshonalanga Asia. Kodwa ngaphambi kobuhlalu beglasi be-Zeng Houyi, iShayina yayivele inengilazi, isibonelo, ingilazi yayifakwe ohlakeni lwenkemba lweNkosi uGoujian waseYue, oluyingilazi ye-potassium calcium silicate eyingqayizivele yaseShayina yasendulo.

Ngemva kwenkathi yeZimpi, iShayina yasungula uhlobo oluhlukile lwengilazi olubizwa ngokuthi ingilazi ye-lead barium silicate, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "ingilazi ye-lead barium", eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengohlelo lwengilazi oluyingqayizivele kakhulu eShayina yasendulo. Emathuneni angaphezu kuka-110 eChu eChangsha, eHunan, kuye kwavubukulwa izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-130 ze-jade ecwebezelayo, okuhlanganisa i-cong, indandatho, ubuhlalu, kanye ne-tube. Phakathi kwazo, i-jade ecwebezelayo icwebezelayo futhi yenziwe ngengilazi ye-lead barium.

Ngakho-ke, ingilazi akuyona into esungulwe eNtshonalanga, futhi iChangsha nayo ingenye yezindawo zokuqala ukusungula ingilazi. Ingilazi ye-lead barium eyasungula ihluke kakhulu kunengilazi ye-sodium calcium eNtshonalanga. Phakathi kwazo, isizathu sokuthi kungani iShayina ingeyona ingilazi ye-sodium calcium sihlobene nokuntuleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo ze-sodium carbonate (natural soda ash) zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihambisanayo, futhi ayinalo ulwazi oluningi ngobuchwepheshe.

Kusukela ngo-1974 kuya ku-1977, emathuneni aseCao Clan eBozhou, eSifundazweni sase-Anhui, cishe ngo-170 AD, kwavubukulwa amalensi amahlanu okuqala okwenziwa ngengilazi eyisicaba e-convex emhlabeni. Amanye amaphethelo ayenokugqwala kwethusi, okubonisa ukuthi la malensi cishe ayefakwe ozimeleni bethusi.

Ngokuphathelene nala malensi amahlanu optical, ucwaningo olufanele lubonisa ukuthi: okokuqala, anokukhanya okuphezulu, anamabhamuza amancane ngaphakathi, kanye nemiphumela emihle kakhulu yokukhulisa nokugxila, okubonisa ukuthi abantu basendulo babenolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lokukhiqiza kanye nolwazi oluthile lokukhanya; Okwesibili, isihloko socwaningo sikaLi Can noMa Yanru siveza ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuhlukile kokwengilazi ye-Western soda lime, kanti ubuchwepheshe bokudubula bususelwa kubuchwepheshe be-ceramic basendulo, baphetha ngokuthi benziwa eShayina.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngemva koBukhosi baseMpumalanga Han, ukwakheka kwengilazi yaseShayina kwashintsha futhi. Ingilazi ye-lead barium silicate yayingasathandwa, kodwa kwavela olunye uhlobo lwengilazi oluyingqayizivele eShayina, okungukuthi ingilazi ye-high lead silicate, eyaba kancane kancane yinto eyinhloko yasekhaya. Ingilazi eShayina.

Okwesithathu, indebe yengilazi yeThempeli likaFamen eNtabeni yamaTang

Ukucaca kanye nokukhanya kwengilazi ye-silicate ene-lead ephezulu kuthuthukiswe kakhulu, futhi ingavuthelwa. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwesikhathi sokuqongelela ubuchwepheshe, yathandwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaTang noSong, futhi izinkomishi zengilazi zeFamen Temple zingenye yazo.

Ngo-1987, eFamen Temple eseFufeng, eBaoji, eShaanxi, kwavubukulwa inkomishi yetiye yengilazi kanye nethileyi yetiye egumbini elingemuva lesigodlo salo esingaphansi komhlaba. Inkomishi yetiye yayicacile inombala oluhlaza kancane, futhi kwakukhona amabhamuza amancane asakazeke ezindongeni. Zombili izindonga zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zazibonakala zibushelelezi futhi zintsha.

Esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba saseFamen Temple, kwavubukulwa imikhiqizo yengilazi engu-20, engu-18 yayo inesitayela saseNtshonalanga Asia, kodwa izinkomishi zetiye namathileyi kuhlukile ngokuphelele eShayina futhi kungokwemikhiqizo yengilazi eyenziwe eShayina.

Isihloko esithi "Ungase ungazi ukuthi kwakukhona nengilazi eShayina yasendulo" esicashunwe yi-Global Network Finance and Science Popularization China siveza ukuthi lokhu kuyingilazi ye-silicate ene-lead ephezulu, kodwa ingilazi ye-silicate ene-lead ephezulu ilimaza kakhulu izitsha ezincibilikayo. Kamuva, i-potassium oxide yasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni se-lead oxide ethile ukwenza ingilazi ye-silicate ene-lead ye-potassium, futhi "lolu hlobo lwengilazi lwaluthandwa kakhulu kusukela maphakathi kuya ngasekupheleni koMbuso waseTang kuya eMbusweni Wezingoma."

Phakathi kwazo, uBukhosi Bengoma babuneqoqo elikhulu lezinto zokugqoka ingilazi, njengezinsika zeglasi, izikebhe zamagilebhisi zeglasi, izinto ezimise okwe-tripod, izinto ezimise okweqanda, izikhonkwane zeglasi, kanye nezikhonkwane zeglasi.

Sekukonke, ngaphambi koBukhosi baseYuan, iShayina yayingakwazi nje kuphela ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo yengilazi, kodwa futhi yathuthukisa izinhlobo eziningana zengilazi ezihlukile, ezazingengaphansi kweNtshonalanga iyonke. Incwadi kaWei yaze yaqopha nokuthi imikhiqizo yengilazi yasekhaya ngaleso sikhathi "yayinokukhanya okuhle kakhulu kunaleyo evela eNtshonalanga". Uma sikubheka ngombono wobuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa okusha, iShayina idlula iNtshonalanga ngokusobala. Ngemva koBukhosi baseYuan, imboni yokukhiqiza ingilazi yaseShayina yaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngemva kweNguquko Yezimboni lapho yawela khona ngempela ngemuva kweNtshonalanga.

Okokugcina, akumangazi ukuthi ingilazi ingenziwa eShayina yasendulo. Phela, abantu abaningi bake bezwa "ngengilazi enemibala". Ingilazi uhlobo lwengilazi enemibala. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe akukho ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala, inqubo yokukhiqiza ingilazi enemibala ilotshwe ezincwadini zasendulo, singazi ukuthi ingilazi ingenziwa eShayina yasendulo. Kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi bekhumbula ukuthi ingilazi yayingenziwa eShayina yasendulo, futhi kuphela ngemva kokufika kwezithunywa zevangeli zaseNtshonalanga ezazingakwenza lokho? Lo mbuzo uyesabeka kakhulu ukuwucabanga.