Izingilazi Zezinga Lengcebo Kazwelonke: Ukwazisa kanye Nencazelo Eningiliziwe Yesitolo Sokuqoqwa Esimbiwe

Izinto zokugqoka zengilazi zasendulo ezigcwele eShayina zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokungcwaba emabhokisini ethuneni, kanye nezitsha zensalela kanye neminikelo ezinsaleleni zamaBuddha njengemibhoshongo, amathempeli, izigodlo ezingaphansi komhlaba, noma izigodlo zezulu. Kusukela kwasungulwa ubuBuddha, bube nokuxhumana okukhulu nengilazi kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi ingilazi inesikhundla esikhethekile kakhulu kubuBuddha.

Isitsha sengilazi savubukulwa encwadini yetshe yamaBuddha aseNorthern Wei eDingzhou, eSifundazweni saseHebei

Igama lesiSanskrit elithi "ingilazi" lisho itshe eliyigugu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, elibhekisela kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ojulile wetshe eliyigugu. Njengombala wesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onekhwalithi ecacile yekristalu, ubuso kanye nengaphakathi kuyabonakala, futhi ingaphakathi nangaphandle kuyahambisana. UBuddha Wezokwelapha unguBuddha Wezwe Lengilazi Elihlanzekile LaseMpumalanga. UbuBuddha busebenzisa ukucaca kokukhanya kwengilazi ukuchaza ubuhle bukaBuddha ngendlela engokomfanekiso, ngakho-ke uBuddha Wezokwelapha waziwa nangokuthi uBuddha Wezokwelapha WaseMpumalanga Wokukhanya Kwengilazi Okuhlanzekile.

I-Tang Dynasty enezinyawo ezinde eziluhlaza okotshani Izinkomishi Zengilazi kwatholakala emihumeni yaseSenmushem eKuche, eXinjiang

Njengenkolo, ukuguqukela okholweni kuyinto eyisisekelo kakhulu. Ukuze kudonswe ukunaka kwamakholwa futhi kusakazwe iDharma, izindela zivame ukuzama ukusungula izinto ezintsha nokuletha imibono emisha, amasiko, izakhiwo, kanye nezinto zobuciko. Ukuphila ngengilazi, ukufa kubi nakakhulu. ISheli ekuqaleni yayiyinguqulo yesiSanskrit yamathambo noma izinsalela zikaBuddha ezingokomoya. Ngokusho kwencwadi ethi "Incwadi kaWei: Shi Lao Zhi" yoMbuso waseNyakatho Qi, ngemva kokushona kukaBuddha, izinkuni ezinuka kamnandi zashiswa futhi amathambo angokomoya aphulwa abe yizicucu, ngalinye lincane njengohlamvu. Azange alimale lapho eshaywa, noma eshiswa, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ayenomphumela omuhle waphezulu. Abizwa ngokuthi "Sheli" ngokungenangqondo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizinsalela zomzimba wangempela noma izinto ezithatha indawo yazo, ziyizinto ezibalulekile zeminikelo nezinto ezingcwele, futhi lezi zinto ezingcwele kumele zigcinwe ezitsheni eziyigugu kakhulu. Izitsha zezinsalela kuma-pagoda amaBuddha asendulo eNdiya nase-Asia Ephakathi zazenziwe ngezinto ezifana nobumba, ukhuni, insimbi, itshe, nekristalu. Kodwa-ke, eShayina, kuye kwavela izitsha zezinsalela ezenziwe ngeglasi. Izizathu zalokhu zimbili: okokuqala, ezikhathini zasendulo, ingilazi yayingavamile futhi iyigugu uma iqhathaniswa negolide; okwesibili, ingilazi yayicacile futhi ithambile kakhulu, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ukugcinwa nokuboniswa.

Ubuhlalu beglasi buvubukulwe ezincwadini zamatshe ze-pagoda zamaBuddha aseNyakatho Wei eDingzhou, eSifundazweni saseHebei

Njengamanje, isisekelo sokuqala semibhoshongo eShayina yiNorthern Wei Buddhist Pagoda Site eDingzhou, eSifundazweni saseHebei. Emhlabathini ogcwele walesi sisekelo semibhoshongo, kunemvilophu yetshe eliyisikwele enesembozo esiphezulu kusukela ngonyaka wesihlanu weTaihe (481 AD). Ngaphakathi kwemvilophu, kunezinto eziningana eziyigugu ezigcinwe umndeni wasebukhosini waseNorthern Wei, kufaka phakathi izitsha zeglasi eziyisikhombisa kanye nezinkulungwane zezinto zokuhlobisa zeglasi ezifana namapayipi kanye nobuhlalu.

Amabhodlela engilazi aluhlaza avela eSikhulwini SaseSui avubukulwe endaweni eyisisekelo sombhoshongo weThempeli laseQingchan eXi'an

Ibhodlela lengilazi eliluhlaza elinentamo encane nesisu esiyindilinga, esingamasentimitha angu-8.4 ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-7, lavubukulwa esisekelweni sombhoshongo weThempeli laseQingchan eXi'an, elakhiwa ngonyaka wesishiyagalolunye wokubusa kukaKaihuang koBukhosi baseSui (589 AD). Isisu sinemihlobiso emine eyindilinga evelele enobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-2.5, kanti ihlombe lebhodlela linemihlobiso emine eyindilinga elinganayo. Le mihlobiso eyindilinga neyindilinga yonke yenziwa ngokugaya ngemva kokuba into yenziwe, okuwubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ingilazi ebandayo. Leli bhodlela lengilazi lisetshenziswa ngokunembile ukugcina izinsalela.

Isisekelo sombhoshongo weThempeli laseDayun eJingchuan, eGansu sakhiwa ngonyaka wokuqala weYanzai (694 AD). Ibhokisi lamatshe elingaphansi komhlaba elalinebhokisi lethusi elihlotshiswe ngegolide, elalinebhokisi lesiliva. Ibhokisi lesiliva lalinebhodlela elincane lengilazi elimhlophe, elaline "zinsalela" ezingu-14. Lokhu kuhambisana kahle nerekhodi elithi "Umbhalo Osebhokisini Letshe Eliyinsalela leThempeli laseDayun eJingzhou": "Kwabe sekuvulwa igumbi lezitini kwatholakala ibhokisi lamatshe. Kwakunezinsalela ezingu-14 ebhodleleni lengilazi.

Iqoqo leGansu Museum lama-Jingyuan Dayun Temple Pagoda namabhodlela engilazi angaphansi komhlaba eSigodlo

Izinto ezenziwe ngengilazi ezitholwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba seThempeli laseFamen eFufeng

Ngokusho kwenganekwane yamaBuddha, ukuze isakaze kangcono ubuBuddha, iNkosi u-Ashoka yaqoqa izinsalela ezingu-84000 eqoqweni leNkosi u-Ashikaga ezitsheni zeglasi ezingu-84000, izembozo zengcebo ezingu-84000, kanye nezingcezu ezinemibala engu-84000. Yaphinde yayala izipoki nonkulunkulu ukuba bakhe ama-pagoda angu-84000 amaBuddha ubusuku bonke futhi yagcina izinsalela ezingu-84000 ngokwahlukana. Ngaleso sikhathi, iThempeli laseFamen lalinobuntu obuthathu: ithempeli lesigodlo, ithempeli lesizwe, kanye nethempeli elidumile. Kwakuyindawo engcwele yamaBuddha ehlonishwa umndeni wasebukhosini waseTang. Kusukela esikhathini sikaTang Zhenguan, kwabanjwa imisebenzi eyisikhombisa yokwamukela nokuthumela amathambo amaBuddha. Ngo-1987, kwakhiqizwa kabusha izinsalela zeminwe zikaBuddha zeThempeli laseFamen, kwavubukulwa izitsha zengilazi ezingu-17, zonke okukholakala ukuthi ziyizinto zobuciko ezigcinwe umndeni wasebukhosini.

Amabhodlela engilazi avubukulwe eLiao Dynasty White Pagoda eJixian, eTianjin

Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaSong nobukaLiao, izicukuthwane zendawo kanye nezindela ezidumile benza imizamo emikhulu yokuzungeza izitsha zeglasi eziyigugu zibe ama-pagoda namathempeli okukhulekela ukuze bafune udumo. Kwavubukulwa ibhodlela lengilazi eliphuzi elikhanyayo encwadini yetshe yaseTiangong yaseChaoyang North Pagoda eSifundazweni saseLiaoning, enobude obungamasentimitha angu-16 kanye nesimo esifana nenyoni egobile enobubanzi besisu esivuvukile obungamasentimitha angu-8.5. Intamo yebhodlela yayihlotshiswe ngocingo lwengilazi oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti isikrufu esisesibambo sasenziwa ngengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umlomo webhodlela wawuhlonyiswe ngesigqoko sebhodlela sikamama nengane segolide, futhi kwakukhona nendebe encane yebhande lengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphakathi kwebhodlela. Leli bhodlela lengilazi linomumo oyingqayizivele kanye nodonga lwengilazi oluncane kakhulu nolulula. Liyingilazi yamaSulumane eyenziwe ngendlela yokufutha. Njengesitsha somhlatshelo, le nto eyigugu yazungezwa yaba yi-pagoda yamaBuddha ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbusi uChongxi woBukhosi bukaLiao.

Ibhodlela lengilazi leLiao Dynasty lavubukulwa eChaoyang North Tower eSifundazweni saseLiaoning

Isisekelo sombhoshongo weThempeli laseJingzhi eDing County, eSifundazweni saseHebei sakhiwa kabusha ngonyaka wesibili weTaiping Xingguo eMbusweni WaseNyakatho Wei (977 AD). Izinsalela ezitholwe zihlanganisa izinsalela ezahlukene eziqoqwe futhi zanikelwa njengezinsalela kusukela ngonyaka wesibili weXing'an eMbusweni WaseNyakatho Wei (453 AD), kuze kube unyaka wesibili weDaye eMbusweni WaseSui (606 AD), unyaka weshumi nambili weDazhong eMbusweni WaseTang (858 AD), kanye nonyaka wesibili weTaiping Xingguo eMbusweni WaseSong (977 AD). Phakathi kwazo, kunezitsha zengilazi ezingu-37. Isisekelo soMbhoshongo waseJingzhongyuan sakhiwa ngonyaka wokuqala wokubusa kukaZhidao eMbusweni WaseNyakatho Wei (995 AD), futhi kunezitsha zengilazi ezingu-34 ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lamatshe lesigodlo esingaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zitsha zengilazi ziwukutholwa kwezinto zakudala ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ingilazi YaseShayinaimpahla.

Imibhalo eqoshwe ezitsheni zengilazi ezincwadini zethusi zeSui kanye nezinhlamvu zamatshe zeTang ezivela eThempelini laseDingzhou Jingzhi

Uhlamvu lwetshe loBukhosi baseSui, uhlamvu lwethusi olugoqiwe, uhlamvu lwetshe olumise okwesivalo, isitsha segolide nesiliva esigoqiwe, umbhoshongo wegolide nesiliva ogoqiwe, namabhodlela amabili engilazi anezigaba eziluhlaza nokumhlophe ezitholwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba seJingzhi Temple Pagoda zakha isethi yezitsha eziqoqiwe ezisele, okuhambisana nombhalo othi "zibekwe phezulu naphansi, izingqimba eziyisikhombisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle" ohlamvini lwethusi olugoqiwe ngonyaka wesibili kaDaye (606 AD). Ngonyaka we-12 kaDazhong (858 AD) woBukhosi baseTang, umbhalo wetshe othi "Record of the Re burial of the True Body eJingzhi Temple eDingzhou" wabhala: "Kunezingcebo eziyisikhombisa ezizungezwe umbhoshongo wesiliva ohlamvini lwegolide, amabhodlela amabili engilazi ngaphakathi, kanti amabhodlela amabili amancane amhlophe namakhulu aluhlaza ayachuma." Lokhu kukhombisa amabhodlela amabili engilazi ayinhloko kakhulu "ezingqimbeni eziyisikhombisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle". Kuze kube sekwephuzile, wawungumkhiqizo woBukhosi baseSui.

Izinkomishi ze-glass straight tube ezivela eSui Dynasty zavubukulwa esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba se-pagoda yamaBuddha eThempelini laseDingzhou Jingzhi

Ekupheleni kwencwadi ethi "Record of the True Body", kubhaliwe ukuthi: "I-pagoda encane yamatshe e-pagoda yayitholakala eThempelini laseTianyou ekuqaleni, inezinsalela ezimbili namabhodlela amane okugcina izinto: ingilazi, igolide, isiliva, kanye ne-lacquer, ebekwe encwadini endala phezulu kwe-pagoda." Ibhodlela lengilazi elingaphakathi liyibhodlela elincane eliyisikwele elibonakalayo elinesembozo se-lotus, elisetshenziswa njengesitsha sokugcina imfucuza.

Amavazi engilazi ezinto ezisele zoBukhosi baseSui avubukulwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba sethempeli lamaBuddha laseJingzhi Temple

Elinye ibhodlela lengilazi lingaba umkhiqizo woBukhosi baseSui. Leli bhodlela liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, libonakala kancane, linomlomo ogqamile kanye nesisu esivuvukele. Liphakeme ngamasentimitha angu-9, ububanzi balo bungamasentimitha angu-5.5, futhi ububanzi besisu bungamasentimitha angu-8. Songa i-fiber yengilazi ehlombe bese uzungeza izinyawo.

I-poppy yengilazi evela ku-Sui Dynasty itholakale esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba se-Jingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

UXiao Liang noShen Yue boBukhosi baseNingizimu babhala ukuthi "Amasista aseBuddha eThempelini lamaBuddha eMbusweni weQi waseNingizimu bahamba ngendlela ecacile nenhle": "Usuka efwini, ungabona uMaitreya nawo wonke amaBodhisattva. Bonke bayigolide, futhi kukhona i-poppy yengilazi ecacile ezandleni zabo..." I-poppy yengilazi esezandleni zeBodhisattva iyigugu, kanti i-opium poppy iyibhodlela elinesisu esikhulu nomlomo omncane, okuyisimo sendabuko saseShayina. Izinto ezibanjwe yiBodhisattva emifanekisweni eseMhumeni 225 weMogao Grottoes yaseDunhuang zifana ngesimo samabhodlela engilazi eSui Dynasty avubukulwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba seJingzhi Temple, okungukuthi, i-poppy yengilazi ecacile njengengcebo.

Ama-poppy engilazi abanjwe yi-bodhisattvas esembozweni eMhumeni 225 weMihume yaseMogao yaseDunhuang

Kukhona futhi Isitsha Sengilazi, okuluhlaza okotshani okucwebezelayo, okunephansi eligobile elinobukhazikhazi, ubukhulu bodonga obungaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-0.15, ukuphakama kwamasentimitha angu-9, kanye nobubanzi bamasentimitha angu-15. Isitsha sengilazi esimise okwe-lotus esiphethwe yiBodhisattva eMhumeni 328 weMihume yaseMogao siyafana ngesimo.

Isitsha sengilazi seLotus esiphethwe yiBodhisattva eMhumeni 328 weMogao Grottoes

EMbusweni Wezingoma, ibhodlela lengilazi eliqukethe amanzi e-rose, elaziwa nangokuthi iphunga elimnandi, laliyinto ebalulekile yezinsalela zamaBuddha. Amabhodlela engilazi amathathu amancane angenhla avubukulwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba phansi kombhoshongo weJingzhi Academy wonke ayeyizitsha zengilazi zokugcina amaphunga.

Ibhodlela lengilazi eliqoshwe yiSong Dynasty lavubukulwa esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba sethempeli lamaBuddha laseJingzhi Temple

Kwavubukulwa amabhodlela engilazi angaphezu kwamashumi amane namabhodlela amancane anentamo ezisekelweni zezigodlo ezimbili ezingaphansi komhlaba, anemibala eyahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo, okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, okuphuzi okunsundu okukhanyayo, okunsundu okukhanyayo, kanye nokunsundu okungabonakali. Lawa mabhodlela engilazi ayengumkhiqizo woBukhosi beNgoma, okubonisa ukuthi imboni yokukhiqiza ingilazi yasekhaya eMbusweni weNgoma yayithuthuke kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neMikhosi yamaSui namaTang, futhi yayingakhiqiza imikhiqizo yengilazi enemibala ehlukene kanye nokucaca.
I-vase yengilazi ye-gourd evela ku-Song Dynasty ivubukulwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba se-Jingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

Ngaphezu kobuhlalu beglasi obubalulekile ezitsheni zamaBuddha ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaTang noSong, ezinye izithelo nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngengilazi nazo zasetshenziswa njengodumo kuBuddha. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kanye nezincazelo zengilazi nazo zazihambisana nezimfundiso. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha ze "izithelo" zengilazi eziyindilinga ezavubukulwa esiqwini eLintong, eShaanxi, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izithelo zikaSutuohan" ngokwesigama samaBuddha. Zazigcinwe esiqwini lapho zivubukulwa; Amaqanda engilazi, amapuleti engilazi, njll. zivame ukutholakala emathuneni asele njengezinto zokungcwaba noma iminikelo.

Ipuleti lengilazi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinamaphethini aqoshiwe afihliwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba seThempeli likaFamen

Kwavubukulwa amapuleti engilazi ayisithupha aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anamaphethini aqoshiwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba saseFamen Temple, wonke agcinwe kahle futhi anamaphethini amahle kakhulu. Amaphethini aqoshiwe enziwa phezu kwengilazi kusetshenziswa ithuluzi eliqinile nelicwebezelayo kunengilazi ngemva kokuba lenziwe, eliwubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ingilazi ebandayo.

Ipuleti elicwebezelayo eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinephethini ye-maple leaf, elinobubanzi obungu-15.9, ukuphakama okungu-2.1, ukujula okungu-1.8 cm, isisindo esingu-132 g. Umlomo oqondile onezindebe ezicijile, isisu esingajulile esinephansi eliyisicaba, kanye nesikhungo esijiyile kancane. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okujulile, okusobala. Isikhungo sesidlo sihlotshiswe ngamaphethini eqabunga le-maple negolide, kanti ulwelwesi lwangaphandle luhlotshiswe ngama-ripple amanzi kanye nemigqa evundlile, futhi luhlukaniswe yizindilinga eziqondile.

Iphethini leqabunga le-maple elingaphansi komhlaba lethempeli laseFamen elipendwe ngegolide eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Leli cwecwe lengilazi elimbozwe ngegolide lisekelwe enkambisweni yokuqopha ingilazi, ligcizelela amaphethini ayinhloko ngegolide ukuze le cwecwe lengilazi elihle likhanye kakhulu. Ngokusho kwamarekhodi esitoko sangaphansi komhlaba, lawa macwecwe engilazi aqoshiwe ayeyiminikelo yoMbusi uXizong woBukhosi baseTang futhi abekwa esigodlweni sangaphansi komhlaba saseTibet ngoJanuwari wonyaka we-15 weXiantong (874 AD).

Kwatholakala izitsha zeglasi ezingu-20 esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba saseFamen Temple, phakathi kwazo isethi eyodwa kuphela yezinkomishi zetiye ezimbili zeglasi kanye nezibambo zetiye okungaba yizitsha zeglasi zasekhaya.

Isigodlo esingaphansi komhlaba seThempeli likaFamen sinezinkomishi zetiye zengilazi namathileyi etiye

Inkomishi yetiye yengilazi iphuzi kancane, iluhlaza okotshani kancane, icacile kahle, ububanzi obungu-12.7, ukuphakama okungu-5.2, ukujula kwesisu okungamasentimitha angu-4, futhi inesisindo esingamagremu angu-117; Umbala wethreyi yetiye yengilazi ufana nowesitsha setiye. Ukusekelwa okujulile okuphansi okuyisicaba, okunobubanzi bediski obungu-13.7, ububanzi obungamamitha angu-4.5, kanye nokuphakama okuphelele okungamasentimitha angu-3.8, kunesisindo esingamagremu angu-138, kokubili okwakhiwa ngokushaywa okungenasikhunta.

Kuhlukaniswe inkomishi yetiye yengilazi kanye nethileyi yetiye

Umbhalo othi "Itende Lezingubo" ovubukulwe esigodlweni esingaphansi komhlaba ubhekisela kule sethi yezibambi zetiye zengilazi njenge "ibhangqa lesitsha setiye sengilazi iTuozi", okwakuyisikhumbuzo esivela kuMbusi uXizong woBukhosi baseTang.

Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaSong noLiao, imboni yokukhiqiza ingilazi ayizange ilawulwe yinkantolo yombuso, futhi izindawo zokusebenzela ingilazi ezizimele nazo zase zithuthukile. Imikhiqizo yengilazi esezingeni elijwayelekile yayisivame kakhulu, kodwa izingilazi ezingenisiwe ezinobuciko obuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezimo ezinhle zazisaziswa kakhulu umhlaba. Amanye amagugu ayevame ukusetshenziswa njengeminikelo futhi aqoqwe ezigodlweni ezingaphansi komhlaba.

IMyuziyamu yeNkosazana uChen yase-Inner Mongolia enendebe yengilazi

Ngonyaka wesikhombisa kaLiao Kaitai eNaiman Banner, e-Inner Mongolia (1018 AD), kwavubukulwa izitsha zengilazi eziyisikhombisa ethuneni lokungcwaba elihlangene likaNkosazana Chen nomyeni wakhe. Enye yezinkomishi zengilazi eziphelele ezinesibambo ingamamitha angu-11.4 ukuphakama, ububanzi bayo bungamasentimitha angu-9 kanye nobubanzi bayo obungaphansi bungamasentimitha angu-5.4. Inombala onsundu omnyama futhi icacile, inesendlalelo esigugile ebusweni. Umlomo uvaliwe kancane, ububanzi bayo buyisilinda, amahlombe ayavuvukala, isisu sihoxisiwe kakhulu, kanti izinyawo zendandatho yamanga zixhunywe esibambweni esiyindilinga esiyisicaba emlonyeni nasemahlombe. Kukhona isikrufu esinjengekhekhe eliyindilinga ekugcineni kwesibambo, okungenzeka ukuthi siyizitsha zengilazi ezakhiqizwa ngekhulu le-10 ethafeni lase-Iran.

Ibhodlela lengilazi elinephethini yezipikili zobisi ethuneni leNkosazana uChen yoBukhosi bukaLiao

Kukhona nebhodlela lengilazi elilungisiwe elinamaphethini ezinqe, elingamasentimitha angu-17 ukuphakama, elinobubanzi obungu-6, ububanzi besisu obungu-9.5, kanye nobubanzi obungaphansi obungu-8.7 amasentimitha. Alinambala futhi licacile, linentamo ende kanye nesisu esinomumo we-funnel, esivuvukele. Linonyawo oluyindandatho olude olufana necilongo futhi lihlotshiswe ngemigqa emihlanu yamaphethini ezinqe ezincane odongeni lwesisu. Into emangazayo kakhulu ukuthi isibambo sebhodlela senziwe ngezendlalelo eziyi-10 zemichilo yengilazi engenalutho, okudinga ochwepheshe beglasi ukuthi baqonde ngokugcwele isikhathi sengilazi eshisayo encibilikayo ephenduka isuka ekubeni mnene iye ekubeni lukhuni ngesikhathi sokupholisa, futhi bayibeke kancane kancane ngamasu athuthukile ukuze baqedele inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Leli bhodlela lengilazi elinephethini lezipikili zobisi cishe liwumkhiqizo wengilazi ovela eGibhithe noma eSiriya.

Phakathi kwezinto zokugqoka ingilazi ezivubukulwe ethuneni likaNkosazana Chen weLiao Dynasty, kukhona ipuleti lengilazi eliqoshiwe elinobubanzi obungu-25.5 cm, ububanzi obungaphansi obungu-10 cm, nokuphakama okungu-6.8 cm. Alinambala futhi licacile, linongqimba oluguqukile ebusweni, udebe oluvulekile oluyindilinga, indandatho yesisu egobile, nezinyawo. Udonga lwesisu luhlotshiswe ngamaphiramidi amancane angu-28 aphindwe kane acwebezelwe ngesandla ngesondo lokugaya. Lesi sidlo sengilazi esiqoshiwe sinomumo omuhle kanye nobuciko obuhle kakhulu. Kungaba umkhiqizo woMbuso waseByzantine ngekhulu le-10 nele-11, futhi liyigugu lengilazi eliyingqayizivele emhlabeni elisekhona!

Ipuleti lengilazi eliqoshwe ethuneni leNkosazana uChen yoBukhosi bukaLiao

Izitsha zengilazi ezisethuneni leNkosazana uChen yoBukhosi bukaLiao zivela eMbusweni waseByzantine kanye nasezweni lamaSulumane, okubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kukaLiao neNtshonalanga kungaphezu kakhulu komcabango wabantu abavamile.

Ukuchayeka emoyeni isikhathi eside noma endaweni yokugcina izinto engaphansi komhlaba isikhathi eside kungabangela kalula ungqimba olukhulu lokuguguleka kobuso bezinto zeglasi, okubangela ukuba zilahlekelwe yizimpawu zazo ezicacile. Ngakho-ke, ingilazi yasendulo ebonwa namuhla ayiyona indlela eyayibukeka ngayo ekuqaleni.

Inkomishi yengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enezinyawo eziphakeme evela ethuneni laseLiao eNtabeni iTuerji, e-Inner Mongolia