Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwengilazi

1.1 Umsuka Wengilazi Yomhlaba
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi omlando afanele, aqala cishe ngo-3000 BC kuya ku-2000 BC, abantu baseGibhithe noma eMesopotamia base bevele bethuthukise ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi obuvuthiwe. Kukhona futhi inganekwane yokuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-3000 eyedlule, abathengisi baseFenike bathola amakristalu akhiqizwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kweminerali ebizwa ngokuthi "i-natural soda" (abanye bathi i-saltpeter) nesihlabathi se-quartz ogwini lolwandle ngaphansi kwesenzo samalangabi, okuwuhlobo lokuqala lwengilazi. Ngokwemvelo amaFenike awazange aphuthelwe amathuba okuhweba angaba khona. Basebenzisa lokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lesihlabathi esingacwengekile, amatshe ayigugu, umlotha we-soda, kanye nobuhlalu beglasi obuhlanganisiwe, obabuthengiswa yonke indawo. Ngenkathi bethola inzuzo eningi, baphinde bakhuthaza ukuthandwa kokuqala kwengilazi emhlabeni, bavumela amazwe amaningi ayenobudlelwano bezohwebo namaFenike ukuthi athole ithuba lokuqala lokuthola ingilazi enhle.
Izibuko zaseFenike iFiennes kanye neFerret zibhekwa njengezingqalabutho zezinto zokugqoka ingilazi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengilazi yokuqala kwadlula ezikhathini ezine eziyinhloko: inkathi yempucuko yasendulo (cishe ngo-3500 BC kuya ku-1000 BC), inkathi yempucuko yakudala (cishe ngo-100 BC kuya ku-500 AD), inkathi yempucuko yasendulo (cishe ngo-500 AD kuya ku-1500 AD), kanye ne-Renaissance kanye nenkathi yekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-19 (cishe ngo-1500 AD kuya ku-1890 AD). Ngemva kwalokho, isimo samanje senhlalo sakhiwa kancane kancane, ngengilazi ekhethekile, ingilazi yobuciko, ingilazi yokuhlobisa, kanye nengilazi yokwakha ebusayo.
2. Ukusetshenziswa Kwengilazi

2.1 Ukusetshenziswa Kwengilazi Emlandweni
Ingilazi yaqala ukusetshenziswa ezidingweni zansuku zonke ezifana Izinkomishi Zengilazi, amabhodlela, namapuleti. Abantu baseMesopotamiya benza izingcezu zomhlabathi, ezazisongwa ngamaribhoni engilazi acwebezelayo ancibilikisiwe futhi ziphathwe ubuso ukuze kwenziwe izitsha zengilazi. Izinto zengilazi ezenziwe ngale ndlela zivame ukuba nesimo sebhodlela futhi zisetshenziswa njengezitsha zamanzi noma zokudla.
Ingilazi yokuqala yayibhekwa njengenombala owodwa kuphela, oluhlaza okotshani, okwakukhawulela indlela esetshenziswa ngayo. Kwaze kwaba kamuva lapho abantu bathola khona ukuthi isizathu sokuthi ingilazi iveze umbala oluhlaza okotshani kungenxa yokuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ingilazi ziqukethe inani elincane lensimbi, kanti izakhi zensimbi e-divalent zenza ingilazi ibonakale iluhlaza okotshani. Ngemva kokufaka i-manganese dioxide, kwaba noshintsho lombala. Lolu shintsho lombala olukhethekile noluhle luye lwathatha ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi lwaya ezingeni elilandelayo - imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yengilazi enemibala iye yavela. Ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuba amaNtaliyane efunde ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhiqiza amaphaneli engilazi, ingilazi enemibala yayisetshenziswa kabanzi engilazini yokuhlobisa yamasonto, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwesonto lesitayela seGothic. Amasonto eGothic avame ukuveza isakhiwo sokwakha esibukhali nesiphakeme esibonakala sindiza phezulu, okwenza ifasitela elide laseFrance libe yisiteji sengilazi enemibala. Ukukhanya kwelanga kukhanya ngamafasitela anemibala kuya esontweni elingcwele, okwenza isimo sesonto sibe mnene futhi singcwele.
Ngemva kwalokho, ingilazi yasetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokwakha. Ngo-1833, kwavezwa isakhiwo sokuqala emhlabeni esakhiwe ngensimbi nengilazi, i-Garden des Plantes greenhouse. Ngokungafani nobunzima bezakhiwo zamatshe, izakhiwo zengilazi zingaletha umuzwa ocacile nomsulwa, oye wanconywa kakhulu ngabantu isikhathi esithile. Isibonelo esicacile kakhulu yindawo yeLondon World's Fair (eyaziwa nangokuthi "iCrystal Palace") eyakhiwa ngaphansi kobuholi bukaPaxton ngo-1851, engabizwa ngokuthi ithempeli lengilazi.

2.2 Ingilazi Yesimanje Izicelo
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi sekusabalele kakhulu. Ithini Lengilazi zingahlukaniswa kalula zibe yingilazi eyisicaba kanye nengilazi ekhethekile. Ingilazi eyisicaba ihlukaniswe kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ingilazi eyisicaba enemifantu noma engenamifantu, ingilazi eyisicaba enendlela yokudonsa eyisicaba, kanye nengilazi entantayo. Lezi zinhlobo zengilazi zinezicelo zazo embonini yokwakha nokuhlobisa, embonini yezimoto, embonini yobuciko, ngisho nasezempi. Ngokusho kokwakheka kwazo, ingilazi ingahlukaniswa ibe yingilazi ye-quartz, ingilazi ephezulu ye-silica, ingilazi ye-lead silicate, ingilazi ye-sodium calcium, ingilazi ye-aluminium silicate, ingilazi ye-borosilicate, ingilazi ye-potassium, njll. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zengilazi zinezisetshenziswa zazo, njengengilazi ye-soda lime, engasetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwengilazi eyisicaba, izingilazi, kanye nama-light bulbs; Ingilazi ye-lead silicate isetshenziswa njenge-vacuum tube core ngenxa yokumanzi kwayo okuphezulu kwensimbi, futhi isetshenziselwa nokuvimba imisebe ngoba i-lead ingavimba izinto ezinemisebe; Ingilazi ye-borosilicate iyindlela ekhethwayo yengilazi yethuluzi lokuhlola lamakhemikhali ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.

3. Ikusasa lengilazi
3.1 Amathemba esikhathi esizayo engilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa
Enye insimu enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwengilazi yesimanje yingilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa. Ingilazi iphumile ezibophweni zokuphishekela ukusebenza kwasekuqaleni futhi yaqala ukuthuthuka yaya ekucwengisisweni. Ngemva kokuba ama-studio engilazi ehlume njengamakhowe ngemva kwemvula, imikhiqizo eminingi yengilazi emihle yaqala ukuvela, okuhlanganisa izibambo zamakhandlela engilazi, imihlobiso yengilazi, izithombe zengilazi, ngisho nezithombe ezinkulu zengilazi ezinemibala. Izinto ezihilelekile engilazini yobuciko zisukela ezimotweni, ezakhiweni, naseziqongweni zasegcekeni kuya kuma-dial amancane ewashi, ozimele bezibuko, kanye namafoni eselula. Ingilazi ingasetshenziswa futhi njengetshe elimhlophe ukuze ithathe indawo yamadayimane abizayo. "Amadayimane" abonakala ezisekelini ezincane namuhla ikakhulukazi amatshe amhlophe anemibala ehlukahlukene enziwe ngengilazi.
Iziphakamiso zami siqu zokuthuthukiswa kwengilazi yobuciko esikhathini esizayo yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Ingilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa kufanele kuqashe ugqozi kanye nobuciko, kunamathele emiklamo yobuciko eyingqayizivele, futhi kulethe abantu idili elibonakalayo.
2. Lungiselela isakhiwo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zengilazi yobuciko, unciphise izindleko zokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwengilazi yobuciko.
3. Thuthukisa amazinga embonini ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka nokukhiqizwa kwengilazi yobuciko okujwayelekile, nokugwema izenzakalo ezifana nokungcoliswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.
4. Ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu enqubweni yokukhiqiza ingilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa kuletha ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ingilazi ezingeni elisha futhi kukhuthaza kangcono intuthuko yezimboni.
Ukusebenza okuningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwengilazi yobuciko kanye nengilazi yokuhlobisa kuyizidingo zokuzivumelanisa nokuthambekela kwaleso sikhathi. Isibonelo, ingilazi yokuhlobisa elungiselelwe ngokuhlanganisa amaseli elanga nezindonga zamakhethini engilazi anemibala ayikwazi nje kuphela ukusebenzisa amandla elanga kodwa futhi isebenza njengezindonga ezingathwali umthwalo kanye nezinjongo zokuhlobisa, ibulala izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa.

3.2 Ingilazi Ekhethekile
Ingilazi ekhethekile isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni efana nokusetshenziswa kwemishini, ezempi, ezokwelapha, ezobuchwepheshe, ekhemistri, kanye nokwakhiwa, ngayinye inezici zayo. Njengengilazi eqinisiwe (ene-coefficient enamandla aphezulu, akulula ukuyiphula, noma ngabe iphukile, ngeke yakhe izinhlayiya ezibukhali ezilimaza umzimba womuntu), ingilazi eqoshiwe (engacacile, evame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezidinga ukwelashwa okungacacile, njengezindlu zangasese), ingilazi elaminethiwe (evame ukusetshenziswa embonini yokwakha, akulula ukuyiphula uma ithintekile), ingilazi evikelwe ngomlilo (umphumela omuhle wokuvimbela umsindo), ingilazi engangenisi zinhlamvu (ingilazi enamandla aphezulu, ingavimba izinhlamvu ngesivinini esiphansi futhi iqinisekise ukuphepha), njalo njalo.

Ingilazi ekhethekile ye-borosilicate ephezulu
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezintsha zengilazi ezakhiwe ngokufaka izinto zamakhemikhali ezahlukene nazo zinamathemba okusetshenziswa kabanzi. Kubandakanya ingilazi ye-silica ephezulu, ingilazi ye-lead silicate, ingilazi ye-sodium calcium, ingilazi ye-aluminium silicate, ingilazi ye-borosilicate, ingilazi ye-potassium, njll. okukhulunywe ngakho ngaphambili, ingilazi yensimbi esekelwe ensimbi nayo uhlobo olusha lwengilazi oludonsela ukunaka okwamanje. Ingilazi yensimbi esekelwe ensimbini iyinto engaguquki eyakhiwe kakhulu ngezinto zensimbi, engenamaphutha ekristalu njengezindiza, izikhundla, namaphoyinti. Inezakhiwo eziphakeme njengokuqina okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokushayisana, kanye nokumelana nokubanda nokushisa, futhi inamathemba okusetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokuthuthukiswa kukawoyela negesi.